Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif

Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja transitif memiliki dua ragam gramatikal, yaitu aktif (active voice) dan pasif (passive voice). Kalimat aktif merupakan suatu bentuk kalimat dimana orang, binatang atau benda yang ditunjuk sebagai subjek dikatakan melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain. Sebaliknya, kalimat pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda ditunjuk sebagai objek atau dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain. Di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kalimat aktif lebih sering digunakan dibandingkan dengan kalimat pasif.

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kalimat pasif memiliki ciri tertentu yaitu biasanya diawali dengan awalan ‘ter-‘ atau ‘di-‘. Kalimat pasif dibentuk dari kalimat aktif, dengan menjadikan subject (dalam kalimat aktif) sebagai object (dalam kalimat pasif), begitupun sebaliknya.

Kapan kita menggunakan kalimat pasif?

-          Ketika “pelaku” dihilangkan

Contoh: Shay was given a kiss

-          Menyoroti objek dari kalimat

Contoh: America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Colombus

-          Ketika penjelasan mengenai “pelaku” sangat panjang

Contoh: A charity record has been made by many famous names in the world of pop music

Pola Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif

*boleh dihilangkan atau digantikan

1.       Simple Present Tense

Pola aktif             Subjek + V1 + objek*

Pola pasif             Objek dari kalimat aktif + is/am/are + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John bites Mary	Mary is bitten by John
John doesn’t bite Mary	Mary isn’t bitten by John
Does John bite Mary?	Is Mary bitten by John?
What does John do?	What is done by John?
Who bites Mary?	Who is Mary bitten by?
Who does John bite?	Who is bitten by John?

2.       Present Continuous Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + is/am/are + V-ing + Objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + is/am/are + being + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John is biting Mary	Mary is being bitten by John
John isn’t biting Mary	Mary isn’t being bitten by John
Is John biting Mary?	Is Mary being bitten by John?
What is John doing?	What is being done by John?
Who is biting Mary?	Who is Mary being bitten by?
Who is John biting?	Who is being bitten by John?

3.       Present Perfect Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + have/has + V3 + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + has/have + been + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John has bitten Mary	Mary has been bitten by John
John hasn’t bitten Mary	Mary hasn’t been bitten by John
Has John bitten Mary?	Has Mary been bitten by John?
What has John done?	What has been done by John?
Who has bitten Mary?	Who has Mary been bitten by?
Who has John bitten?	Who has been bitten by John?

4.       Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + has/have + been + V-ing + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + has/have + been + being + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John has been biting Mary	Mary has been being bitten by John
John hasn’t been biting Mary	Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John
Has John been biting Mary?	Has Mary been being bitten by John?
What has John been doing?	What has been being done by John?
Who has been biting Mary?	Who has Mary been being bitten by?
Who has John been biting?	Who has been being bitten by John?

5.       Simple Past Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + V2 + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + was/were + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John bit Mary	Mary was bitten by John
John didn’t bite Mary	Mary wasn’t bitten by John
Did John bite Mary?	Was Mary bitten by John?
What did John do?	What was done by John?
Who bit Mary?	Who was Mary bitten by?
Who did John bite?	Who was bitten by John?

6.       Past Continuous Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + was/were + V-ing + Objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + was/were + being + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John was biting Mary	Mary was being bitten by John
John wasn’t biting Mary	Mary wasn’t being bitten by John
Was John biting Mary?	Was Mary being bitten by John?
What was John doing?	What was being done by John?
Who was biting Mary?	Who was Mary being bitten by?
Who was John biting?	Who was being bitten by John?

7.       Past Perfect Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + had + V3 + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + had + been + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John had bitten Mary	Mary had been bitten by John
John hadn’t bitten Mary	Mary hadn’t been bitten by John
Had John bitten Mary?	Had Mary been bitten by John?
What had John done?	What had been done by John?
Who had bitten Mary?	Who had Mary been bitten by?
Who had John bitten?	Who had been bitten by John?

8.       Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + had + been + V-ing + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + had + been + being + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John had been biting Mary	Mary had been being bitten by John
John hadn’t been biting Mary	Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John
Had John been biting Mary?	Had Mary been being bitten by John?
What had John been doing?	What had been being done by John?
Who had been biting Mary?	Who had Mary been being bitten by?
Who had John been biting?	Who had been being bitten by John?

9.       Simple Future Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + will/shall + V1 + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + will/shall + be + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John will bite Mary	Mary will be bitten by John
John won’t bite Mary	Mary won’t be bitten by John
Will John bite Mary?	Will Mary be bitten by John?
What will John do?	What will be done by John?
Who will bite Mary?	Who will Mary be bitten by?
Who will John bite?	Who will be bitten by John?

10.   Future Continuous Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + will/shall + be + V-ing + Objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + will/shall + be + being + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John will be biting Mary	Mary will be being bitten by John
John won’t be biting Mary	Mary won’t be being bitten by John
Will John be biting Mary?	Will Mary be being bitten by John?
What will John be doing?	What will be being done by John?
Who will be biting Mary?	Who will Mary be being bitten by?
Who will John biting?	Who will be being bitten by John?

11.   Future Perfect Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + will/shall + have + V3 + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + will/shall + have + been + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John will have bitten Mary	Mary will have been bitten by John
John won’t have bitten Mary	Mary won’t have been bitten by John
Will John have bitten Mary?	Will Mary have been bitten by John?
What will John have done?	What will have been done by John?
Who will have bitten Mary?	Who will Mary have been bitten by?
Who will John have bitten?	Who will have been bitten by John?

12.   Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Pola aktif                 Subjek + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + objek*

Pola pasif                 Objek dari kalimat aktif + will/shall + have + been + being + V3 + (by + subjek dari kalimat aktif)*

Contoh:

Aktif	Pasif
John will have been biting Mary	Mary will have been being bitten by John
John won’t have been biting Mary	Mary won’t have been being bitten by John
Will John have been biting Mary?	Will Mary have been being bitten by John?
What will John have been doing?	What will have been being done by John?
Who will have been biting Mary?	Who will Mary have been being bitten by?
Who will John have been biting?	Who will have been being bitten by John?

Contoh Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif di dalam Artikel

Highlight kuning menunjukkan kalimat aktif dan font merah menunjukkan kalimat pasif.

Bronze Age Woman Had Surprisingly Modern Life

The stunningly well-preserved remains of the Egtved Girl from 3,500 years ago reveal her travels as a high-status woman of her day.

The remains of a high-status young woman, known as the Egtved Girl, reveals clues to life in Bronze Age Denmark, including her travels. She wears a well-preserved wool outfit and a bronze belt plate, symbolizing the sun. 

PHOTOGRAPH BY ROBERTO FORTUNA, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF DENMARK

By Brandon Keim, for National Geographic 

PUBLISHED MAY 21, 2015

Though she died nearly 3,500 years ago, the Egtved Girl tells a surprisingly modern story.

A new analysis of the iconic Bronze Age woman, whose well-preserved remains were unearthed near Egtved, Denmark, in 1921, suggests she was born elsewhere and traveled widely during her lifetime.

Far from being the stay-at-home type, then, the Egtved Girl embodies a certain mobile cosmopolitanism.

"We have a perception of ourselves today as very developed people, like globalization is new," says Karin Frei, an archaeologist at the National Museum of Denmark and lead author of the new study, published Thursday in Scientific Reports. "But the more we look in prehistory, we can see we're already global."

Frei specializes in analyzing subtle variations in the molecular composition of strontium, an element that is widely distributed in Earth's bedrock and accumulates in plant and animal tissues. The variations differ from place to place, creating telltale local signatures that act, says Frei, "like a geological GPS."

By comparing strontium traces from the Egtved Girl to place-specific strontium signatures across northwestern Europe, it was possible to determine where she lived at different points in her life.

Strontium signatures in her teeth, which are deposited in childhood, show that she was likely born in what is now southwestern Germany, some 500 miles away.

The precise location is difficult to pinpoint, but wool fibers in the Egtved Girl's clothing—including a blouse-and-skirt ensemble that wouldn't look unfashionable today—appear to originate in Germany's Black Forest.

"She's such a big figure in the Danish identity, someone kids learn about in school," Frei says. "And yes, she's a Danish find—but a hugely international woman."

Her hair and a thumbnail, which contain strontium accumulated during the last two years of her life, describe two journeys between Denmark and her birthplace.

Life in the Bronze Age

It's impossible to know exactly why the Egtved Girl traveled, but the Bronze Age was a time of expanding alliances between chiefdoms. Frei thinks the Egtved Girl, who was between 16 and 18 years old when she died, was likely married off to help secure an alliance and perhaps the trade it would foster.

The study "raises questions about the scale of social systems and the nature of long-distance contacts and travel in the Bronze Age," says Jonathan Last, a Bronze Age scholar at Historic England.

Without more evidence, cautions Last, it's difficult to say whether the Egtved Girl moved for an arranged marriage. Instead, says Last, "I wonder if evidence for back-and-forth movement implies this woman had rather more autonomy?"

Scandinavian women of the era sometimes had political power, especially in the absence of direct-line male successors to family leaders, says Flemming Kaul, a Bronze Age specialist at the National Museum of Denmark.

"It's possible that women of the northern Bronze Age were able to make negotiations and establish friendships by themselves, and not necessarily through marriage connections," Kaul says.

Through this lens, the Egtved Girl would have benefited from changing social customs that encouraged generosity towards travelers and guests, making long-distance movement possible and laying the foundations of trade-based economies.

Such possibilities are raised by the Egtved Girl, and further study may raise even more.

"Somehow she gets more and more mysterious," Frei says. "She was found long ago, and still has so much more to tell us."

Article from: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150521-bronze-age-woman-egtved-modern-archaeology/

References :

http://tatabahasainggris.com/active-and-passive-voice.html/

http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/passive-voice-pada-kalimat-simple-past-tense.aspx

http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/passive-voice-simple-future-tense.aspx

http://www.slideshare.net/safoathyr/the-passive-voice-9526591

http://www.englishpractice.com/page/5/?s=Active+and+Passive+Voice